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protein folding

257 papers

#protein folding Open access Aug 2026

Mechanisms of Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Role of LDLR, LOX-1, ApoE and LRP1

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common chronic liver disorder and is closely linked to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Beyond the accumulation of triacylglycerides (TAG), disturbed hepatic cholesterol handling — mediated by the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), the lectin-like oxidised LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) — has been proposed as a central pathogenetic mechanism. Objective: To evaluate the serum protein factors involved in triacylglyceride and cholesterol metabolism during the stepwise development of experimental fatty hepatosis. Methods: Fifty outbred white rats weighing 150–180 g were studied. Eight animals formed the intact group and received a standard vivarium diet; 42 animals received a high-fat diet (cow lard) supplemented with a 10% glucose–fructose solution (1:1) for 5 months. Serum was examined at 2, 3, 4 and 5 months. Total protein, albumin, bilirubin, urea, glucose, TAG, total cholesterol (TC) and cholesterol in very-low-density (VLDL-C), low-density (LDL-C) and high-density (HDL-C) lipoproteins were measured, and the atherogenic index (AI) together with ALT, AST, GGT and ALP activities were determined. Insulin, LDLR, LOX-1, ApoE and LRP1 were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HOMA-IR, the TAG/HDL-C ratio and the metabolic index (MI) were calculated. Results: High-calorie feeding produced a progressive increase in serum TAG (up to 2.11-fold) and TC (up to 1.93-fold), a rise in VLDL-C (up to 2.96-fold) and LDL-C (up to 4.19-fold) and a fall in HDL-C, with the AI increasing from 0.66 ± 0.03 to 3.66 ± 0.28 (5.54-fold; P < 0.001). Glucose rose 1.49-fold, insulin 2.73-fold and HOMA-IR 3.13-fold by month 5. Serum LDLR fell progressively (2.41-, 3.34- and 4.89-fold at 2, 3 and 4 months, with partial recovery to a 3.61-fold reduction at 5 months), whereas LOX-1 rose (1.63-, 2.03-, 2.18- and 1.94-fold). ApoE showed a biphasic pattern: a 1.52-fold decrease at 2 months followed by a rise above intact values at 4 (1.32-fold) and 5 months (1.23-fold). LRP1 was unchanged at 2 months and then decreased by 1.25-, 1.40- and 1.43-fold. Conclusion: Prolonged high-calorie feeding reproduces fatty hepatosis accompanied by the full biochemical picture of the metabolic syndrome. The progressive decline of LDLR together with a rise in LOX-1, a biphasic ApoE response and a gradual reduction of LRP1 indicate a dysregulation of receptor-mediated hepatic cholesterol handling and suggest that these proteins merit further evaluation as early markers of fatty hepatosis.

Jahongir Kh. Tursunov, Ulugbek Z. Zaribbaev, Abdurakhmon Abduvaliev et al. · 0 citations
#protein folding Open access Aug 2026

Order–disorder interfaces in viral pRb inactivation: molecular dynamics insights into SLiM-mediated recognition and implications for interaction databases

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) mediate protein interactions through poorly understood mechanisms. We studied the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and its interaction with the SV40 Large T antigen (LTSV40), a viral oncoprotein that displaces E2F factors. Using molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling, we show the LTSV40 LXCXE motif is part of a conserved Order–Motif–IDR architecture. The ordered N-terminal region drives initial pRb recognition via induced folding, adding over 6 kcal/mol to affinity. Simultaneously, the C-terminal IDR undergoes a bent-to-extended transition, sterically occluding the pRb AB cleft to prevent E2F binding. These coupled phenomena are evolutionarily conserved across 14 polyomaviruses, as confirmed by AlphaFold and MobiDB, suggesting a common pRb inactivation strategy. These results highlight a broader challenge for the field: functionally decisive IDR behaviors such as binding-induced folding and steric occlusion are not yet representable within current interaction data models, even when complementary evidence exists in resources such as DisProt or MobiDB. Bridging this gap through systematic integration of IDR annotations into databases such as IntAct and Complex Portal, supported by projection onto AlphaFold3-predicted complex structures, would enable community-scale identification of complexes where disorder is mechanistically decisive. ECCB 2026 online poster platform

Carla Luciana Padilla Franzotti, Nicolás Palópoli, Gustavo Pierdominici‐Sottile et al. · 0 citations
#protein folding Open access Aug 2026

Order–disorder interfaces in viral pRb inactivation: molecular dynamics insights into SLiM-mediated recognition and implications for interaction databases

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) mediate protein interactions through poorly understood mechanisms. We studied the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and its interaction with the SV40 Large T antigen (LTSV40), a viral oncoprotein that displaces E2F factors. Using molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling, we show the LTSV40 LXCXE motif is part of a conserved Order–Motif–IDR architecture. The ordered N-terminal region drives initial pRb recognition via induced folding, adding over 6 kcal/mol to affinity. Simultaneously, the C-terminal IDR undergoes a bent-to-extended transition, sterically occluding the pRb AB cleft to prevent E2F binding. These coupled phenomena are evolutionarily conserved across 14 polyomaviruses, as confirmed by AlphaFold and MobiDB, suggesting a common pRb inactivation strategy. These results highlight a broader challenge for the field: functionally decisive IDR behaviors such as binding-induced folding and steric occlusion are not yet representable within current interaction data models, even when complementary evidence exists in resources such as DisProt or MobiDB. Bridging this gap through systematic integration of IDR annotations into databases such as IntAct and Complex Portal, supported by projection onto AlphaFold3-predicted complex structures, would enable community-scale identification of complexes where disorder is mechanistically decisive. ECCB 2026 online poster platform

Carla Luciana Padilla Franzotti, Nicolás Palópoli, Gustavo Pierdominici‐Sottile et al. · 0 citations
#protein folding Preprint Aug 2026

CIR-DDG: backbone-agnostic residual correction of antibody-antigen affinity changes with explicit cross-chain geometry

CIR-DDG, a lightweight residual adapter that combines a fixed base prediction with 22 interpretable descriptors of cross-chain distance, contact density and site--partner context, is introduced, showing that the learned geometric correction generalizes beyond SKEMPI thermodynamic measurements.

Weizhen Yu, Zhi-Heng Zou, Yong-Gui Huang et al. · 0 citations
#protein folding Review Aug 2026

Dark energy: the cost of function in protein evolution

This work reviews the computational and experimental approaches that disentangle folding and function at scale, revealing a dark energy component and providing new insights into how biological information flows from sequence to structure to function and back to sequence.

Ezequiel A. Galpern, Federico Caamaño, Ignacio E. Sánchez et al. · 0 citations
#protein folding Aug 2026

Impact of hydrolyzed gelatin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as polymeric excipients on physical stability and injectability of high-concentration protein suspensions.

The current work highlighted the potential of polymer-based excipient systems for developing high-concentration injectable suspensions of proteins and their combinations on the viscosity, injectability, and stability.

Unknown authors · 0 citations
#protein folding Open access Aug 2026

Quantum Biology: Harnessing Entanglement for Biological Information Processing

This research investigates the potential role of quantum entanglement in biological information processing. We explore the feasibility of simulating quantum effects within biological molecules and examining the influence of entanglement on fundamental processes such as DNA sequence recognition and protein folding. The core claim centers on demonstrating how entanglement could provide a mechanism for enhanced computational capabilities within biological systems. This work contributes to the emerging field of quantum biology by proposing a novel framework for understanding biological phenomena through the lens of quantum mechanics, specifically focusing on the emergent properties of entanglement. The theoretical analysis presented here lays the groundwork for future experimental investigations and offers a new perspective on the complexities of life.

Jincheng Zhang · 0 citations
#protein folding Book Open access Aug 2026

The NUMEN/QUATOS Architecture — Unifying Thermodynamic Limits, Cross-Domain Invariants, and Deterministic State-Space Collapse

Description:1. Core Scientific ThesisThis repository serves as a comprehensive scientific reference and educational framework for substrate-native, integer-only computation. It demonstrates that the current reliance on IEEE-754 floating-point arithmetic introduces unnecessary thermodynamic overhead, non-determinism, and a disconnect between logical state and physical reality.The NUMEN/QUATOS architecture proposes a unified alternative: a computational model grounded in the Banach Fixed-Point Theorem, executed entirely in Q32.32 fixed-point integer logic, and structured to mirror biological and topological invariants. This repository synthesizes the theoretical proofs, cross-domain applications, and bare-metal implementations of this paradigm into a single, verifiable body of work.2. The Four Scientific PillarsThe architecture is not a singular heuristic, but a synthesis of four rigorously documented scientific pillars. This repository should be read in conjunction with its foundational DOI records:Pillar I: The Thermodynamic BaselineDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22070727 (Measured Thermodynamic Characterization of Substrate-Native Integer Computation)Establishes the physical floor of computation via Landauer’s principle. It provides empirical, RAPL-instrumented measurements proving that eliminating floating-point erasure and FPU overhead reduces the energy cost of a cognitive contraction loop to ~0.414 Joules, bypassing the thermodynamic tax of traditional machine learning.Pillar II: Cross-Domain Mathematical InvariantsDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22115713 (Master Integrator: Cross-Domain Synthesis) & DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22050812 (Experiment Timestamp: Deterministic Proof Synthesis)Proves the universality of the underlying mathematics. These records demonstrate that the same deterministic, phi-driven topological flow successfully resolves invariant endpoints across four entirely disparate domains: protein folding, P vs NP path-dependence, genomic GC-bias, and 0D→16D topological flow. The math is substrate-agnostic and universally applicable.Pillar III: The Mechanics of Deterministic CollapseDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22131362 (The Phi-Net Data Schema & Cryptographic Chain of Custody)Details the exact algorithmic mechanics of the state-space collapse. It defines the formal data schema for routing, including vorka (the evaluation and pruning of suboptimal futures), vevorka (the mass un-happening of discarded branches), and linka (the commitment of the single surviving thread to recorded reality).3. Architectural Synthesis: How the System OperatesThe codebase in this repository is the physical realization of the above theories. It is structured as a layered, bio-analog computational organism:The 16 Membranes (membranes.c / membranes.h): Computation is processed through 16 concentric dimensional layers. Layers 0–5 operate strictly in integer-native space (RDTSC timing, sigma zones, prime addressing, and GTAC gates). Layer 6 acts as the strict "IEEE-754 Seam," ensuring the core cognitive reflex loop never crosses into floating-point territory.The 5 Cognitive Organs (brain.c / cpu_port.c): The system routes state through specialized functional modules: the Architect (state mapping), the Healer (topological drift correction via GOLDEN_DEV injection), the Oracle (path validation), the Conductor (Kuramoto coupled-oscillator synchronization of CPU cores), and the Translator (coherent output).Quaternary (GTAC) Routing (algo_maker.c / algo_maker.h): State transitions are governed by a 4-state alphabet (G=Explore, T=Transfer, A=Anchor, C=Compute). This quaternary structure is not arbitrary; it is the minimum sufficient alphabet that provides direction, magnitude, and a null state simultaneously, mapping natively to both biological codons and the four Pauli matrices in quantum error correction.Bare-Metal Hebbian Wiring (quatos_e8_hebbian_wiring.c): The system dynamically re-weights its own gate biases based on real-time environmental feedback, executing true "Learn-to-Learn" (L2L) adaptation at the assembly level without floating-point gradient descent.4. Educational ObjectiveThe primary goal of this repository is pedagogical. It is designed to teach researchers, engineers, and students:How to map abstract mathematical theorems (like Banach contraction) directly to bare-metal x86-64 or ARM64 assembly.Why quaternary logic offers a more efficient, deterministic alternative to both binary switching and ternary quantization.How to design computational systems that are inherently interpretable, reproducible, and thermodynamically efficient by construction, rather than by post-hoc optimization.5. Repository ContentsThis archive contains the complete, cryptographically sealed telemetry and source code of the NUMEN/QUATOS architecture, including:10-runtime/src/: Core C/ASM implementations of the 5 organs, Hebbian wiring, and L2L 7-phase engine.60-corpus/corpus/: The foundational blueprints, including L2L_BAREMETAL_ORGANISM_BLUEPRINT.json and GENOME_ISA.json.80-continuum/continuum/shelf/: Thousands of cryptographically sealed .quat discs representing immutable state snapshots of the learning corpus.MASTER_SEAL_MANIFEST.json & ROOT_WEB_SEAL.json: The cryptographic chain of custody proving the integrity and provenance of every file in this directory.6. Citation & Licensing© 2026 Dragolich Research Labs LLC.When referencing this unified architecture, please cite the complete DOI web to maintain the integrity of the scientific lineage:Dragolich, D. (2026). Synthesis: The NUMEN/QUATOS Architecture. Dragolich Research Labs LLC. Master DOI Index: u, 10.5281/zenodo.22115713, 10.5281/zenodo.22050812, 10.5281/zenodo.22131362.

LLC Dragolich Research Labs · 0 citations
#protein folding Open access Aug 2026

Graph Neural Networks for Protein Structure Prediction via Fragment Assembly

Predicting protein three-dimensional structures from their amino acid sequences remains a grand challenge in computational biology. Traditional methods have struggled to accurately capture the complex, long-range interactions that govern protein folding. This work proposes a novel approach utilizing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to address this challenge through a fragment assembly paradigm. We hypothesize that proteins can be effectively predicted by learning to assemble smaller, interacting fragments based on their local structural characteristics. Our GNN learns to represent individual protein fragments as graphs, capturing their local interactions via node features (amino acid types, residue connections) and edge features (distances, angles). The network then predicts the optimal assembly order of these fragments, ultimately generating a predicted protein structure. This approach avoids the need for explicit conformational search and leverages the powerful representation learning capabilities of GNNs. We demonstrate the feasibility and potential of this approach, outlining a framework for future development and exploration.

Jincheng Zhang · 0 citations
#protein folding Dataset Open access Aug 2026

Tensor-based Approximation of Molecular Kinetics: Generator Learning, Reaction Coordinates and Incremental Updating

This record contains the code-associated data and figures for "Tensor-based Approximation of Molecular Kinetics: Generator Learning, Reaction Coordinates and Incremental Updating". It provides the precomputed data, results, and figures behind four case studies: a 3D Lemon-Slice toy system, and molecular dynamics trajectories of the fast-folding proteins Chignolin (CLN025) and NTL9. Each case study demonstrates a tensor-train (TT) based approach to gEDMD (generator Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition) for estimating the generator of molecular dynamics, including comparisons against a dense reference method, PCCA+ soft-state assignment, an incremental TT-SVD update scheme, and truncation/bandwidth sensitivity studies. The corresponding code is available at: https://github.com/fnueske/tensor_gedmd

Feliks Nüske, Peter Benner, Minakshi Verma · 0 citations
#protein folding Book Open access Aug 2026

The NUMEN/QUATOS Architecture — Unifying Thermodynamic Limits, Cross-Domain Invariants, and Deterministic State-Space Collapse

Description:1. Core Scientific ThesisThis repository serves as a comprehensive scientific reference and educational framework for substrate-native, integer-only computation. It demonstrates that the current reliance on IEEE-754 floating-point arithmetic introduces unnecessary thermodynamic overhead, non-determinism, and a disconnect between logical state and physical reality.The NUMEN/QUATOS architecture proposes a unified alternative: a computational model grounded in the Banach Fixed-Point Theorem, executed entirely in Q32.32 fixed-point integer logic, and structured to mirror biological and topological invariants. This repository synthesizes the theoretical proofs, cross-domain applications, and bare-metal implementations of this paradigm into a single, verifiable body of work.2. The Four Scientific PillarsThe architecture is not a singular heuristic, but a synthesis of four rigorously documented scientific pillars. This repository should be read in conjunction with its foundational DOI records:Pillar I: The Thermodynamic BaselineDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22070727 (Measured Thermodynamic Characterization of Substrate-Native Integer Computation)Establishes the physical floor of computation via Landauer’s principle. It provides empirical, RAPL-instrumented measurements proving that eliminating floating-point erasure and FPU overhead reduces the energy cost of a cognitive contraction loop to ~0.414 Joules, bypassing the thermodynamic tax of traditional machine learning.Pillar II: Cross-Domain Mathematical InvariantsDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22115713 (Master Integrator: Cross-Domain Synthesis) & DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22050812 (Experiment Timestamp: Deterministic Proof Synthesis)Proves the universality of the underlying mathematics. These records demonstrate that the same deterministic, phi-driven topological flow successfully resolves invariant endpoints across four entirely disparate domains: protein folding, P vs NP path-dependence, genomic GC-bias, and 0D→16D topological flow. The math is substrate-agnostic and universally applicable.Pillar III: The Mechanics of Deterministic CollapseDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.22131362 (The Phi-Net Data Schema & Cryptographic Chain of Custody)Details the exact algorithmic mechanics of the state-space collapse. It defines the formal data schema for routing, including vorka (the evaluation and pruning of suboptimal futures), vevorka (the mass un-happening of discarded branches), and linka (the commitment of the single surviving thread to recorded reality).3. Architectural Synthesis: How the System OperatesThe codebase in this repository is the physical realization of the above theories. It is structured as a layered, bio-analog computational organism:The 16 Membranes (membranes.c / membranes.h): Computation is processed through 16 concentric dimensional layers. Layers 0–5 operate strictly in integer-native space (RDTSC timing, sigma zones, prime addressing, and GTAC gates). Layer 6 acts as the strict "IEEE-754 Seam," ensuring the core cognitive reflex loop never crosses into floating-point territory.The 5 Cognitive Organs (brain.c / cpu_port.c): The system routes state through specialized functional modules: the Architect (state mapping), the Healer (topological drift correction via GOLDEN_DEV injection), the Oracle (path validation), the Conductor (Kuramoto coupled-oscillator synchronization of CPU cores), and the Translator (coherent output).Quaternary (GTAC) Routing (algo_maker.c / algo_maker.h): State transitions are governed by a 4-state alphabet (G=Explore, T=Transfer, A=Anchor, C=Compute). This quaternary structure is not arbitrary; it is the minimum sufficient alphabet that provides direction, magnitude, and a null state simultaneously, mapping natively to both biological codons and the four Pauli matrices in quantum error correction.Bare-Metal Hebbian Wiring (quatos_e8_hebbian_wiring.c): The system dynamically re-weights its own gate biases based on real-time environmental feedback, executing true "Learn-to-Learn" (L2L) adaptation at the assembly level without floating-point gradient descent.4. Educational ObjectiveThe primary goal of this repository is pedagogical. It is designed to teach researchers, engineers, and students:How to map abstract mathematical theorems (like Banach contraction) directly to bare-metal x86-64 or ARM64 assembly.Why quaternary logic offers a more efficient, deterministic alternative to both binary switching and ternary quantization.How to design computational systems that are inherently interpretable, reproducible, and thermodynamically efficient by construction, rather than by post-hoc optimization.5. Repository ContentsThis archive contains the complete, cryptographically sealed telemetry and source code of the NUMEN/QUATOS architecture, including:10-runtime/src/: Core C/ASM implementations of the 5 organs, Hebbian wiring, and L2L 7-phase engine.60-corpus/corpus/: The foundational blueprints, including L2L_BAREMETAL_ORGANISM_BLUEPRINT.json and GENOME_ISA.json.80-continuum/continuum/shelf/: Thousands of cryptographically sealed .quat discs representing immutable state snapshots of the learning corpus.MASTER_SEAL_MANIFEST.json & ROOT_WEB_SEAL.json: The cryptographic chain of custody proving the integrity and provenance of every file in this directory.6. Citation & Licensing© 2026 Dragolich Research Labs LLC.When referencing this unified architecture, please cite the complete DOI web to maintain the integrity of the scientific lineage:Dragolich, D. (2026). Synthesis: The NUMEN/QUATOS Architecture. Dragolich Research Labs LLC. Master DOI Index: u, 10.5281/zenodo.22115713, 10.5281/zenodo.22050812, 10.5281/zenodo.22131362.

LLC Dragolich Research Labs · 0 citations

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