THE LEGAL LIABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FROM ALGORITHMIC DECISION-MAKING TO DIGITAL LEGAL PERSONALITY

Abstract

The El-Rakhawi Doctrine on AI Liability establishes a globally harmonized, risk-proportionate framework for algorithmic accountability. It transcends traditional liability models by introducing functional attribution, probabilistic causation standards, and strict liability for high-risk systems. The work addresses critical gaps including criminal intent in autonomous agents, platform monopoly regulation, environmental carbon taxation, and creator rights protection against generative AI. It proposes an International Algorithmic Governance Council, mandatory insurance schemes, and independent audit protocols. By integrating mathematical proof models with executive technical standards, it ensures enforceable cross-border justice. This supreme edition bridges doctrinal precision with regulatory engineering, offering a comprehensive treaty-ready architecture that balances innovation with human dignity, procedural fairness, and global equity in the age of computational autonomy.